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Variables
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Prenatal care
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Postnatal visits
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Model 1
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Model 2
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Model 3
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Model 1
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Model 2
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Model 3
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Family characteristic variables
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Whether or not living with parents (ref = No)
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Yes
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0.45 (0.30–0.67)**
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0.56 (0.36–0.87)**
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0.48 (0.30–0.77)**
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1.12 (0.82–1.53)
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1.06 (0.76–1.48)
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0.97 (0.69–1.37)
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Husband’s age (ref = 18–29 year-old)
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≥35 year-old
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0.90 (0.55–1.48)
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1.40 (0.64–3.04)
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1.21 (0.55–2.66)
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0.84 (0.57–1.23)
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0.60 (0.35–1.03)
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0.53 (0.31–0.92)*
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≥30 year-old
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1.36 (0.83–2.22)
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1.56 (0.86–2.82)
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1.49 (0.82–2.70)
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0.72 (0.51–1.01)
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0.63 (0.42–0.95)*
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0.59 (0.39–0.90)*
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Husband’s education (ref = primary school and below)
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College and above
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10.19 (4.26–24.34)**
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2.93 (0.92–9.33)
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2.17 (0.65–7.23)
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2.55 (1.33–4.89)**
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2.52 (1.10–5.78)*
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2.04 (0.87–4.77)
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High school
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3.54 (1.72–7.27)**
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1.53 (0.66–3.55)
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1.35 (0.57–3.18)
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1.78 (0.95–3.35)
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2.10 (1.00–4.40)*
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1.80 (0.85–3.80)
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Junior high school
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1.97 (1.02–3.78)*
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1.56 (0.75–3.23)
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1.49 (0.71–3.12)
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1.48 (0.81–2.73)
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1.90 (0.96–3.76)
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1.76 (0.89–3.49)
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Husband’s employment status (ref = No)
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Yes
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1.53 (0.57–4.11)
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1.02 (0.35–3.00)
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0.81 (0.27–2.43)
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0.71 (0.38–1.34)
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0.70 (0.35–1.38)
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0.63 (0.31–1.28)
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Per capita income of family (ref = Bad)
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Good
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2.19 (1.15–4.15)*
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1.85 (0.95–3.59)
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2.20 (1.11–4.35)*
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0.92 (0.61–1.37)
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0.90 (0.59–1.37)
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1.09 (0.70–1.68)
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General
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1.02 (0.67–1.55)
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0.90 (0.58–1.40)
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0.98 (0.62–1.53)
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0.95 (0.68–1.32)
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0.95 (0.68–1.34)
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1.03 (0.73–1.46)
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Control variables
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Pregnant women’s age (ref = 18–24 year-old)
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≥35 year-old
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1.01 (0.32–3.18)
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1.00 (0.31–3.17)
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3.60 (1.51–8.59)**
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3.52 (1.46–8.50)**
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≥30 year-old
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0.90 (0.34–2.37)
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0.85 (0.32–2.24)
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1.88 (0.91–3.89)
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1.78 (0.85–3.73)
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≥25 year-old
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1.10 (0.47–2.57)
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1.08 (0.46–2.52)
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1.70 (0.89–3.25)
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1.72 (0.89–3.32)
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Pregnant women’s education (ref = primary school and below)
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College and above
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2.90 (0.99–8.56)
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1.74 (0.54–5.58)
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0.72 (0.35–1.50)
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0.44 (0.20–0.97)*
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High school
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3.22 (1.46–7.09)**
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2.42 (1.05–5.56)*
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0.54 (0.29–0.99)*
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0.40 (0.21–0.75)**
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Junior high school
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1.37 (0.78–2.40)
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1.17 (0.66–2.08)
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0.54 (0.32–0.91)*
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0.46 (0.27–0.79)**
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Pregnant women’s employment status (ref = No)
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Yes
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1.70 (0.85–3.40)
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1.70 (0.80–3.58)
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1.09 (0.69–1.71)
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1.01 (0.63–1.64)
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Times of previous pregnancies of pregnant women (ref = 0)
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2 and more
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1.27 (0.66–2.46)
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1.24 (0.64–2.42)
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0.58 (0.37–0.89)*
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0.54 (0.35–0.84)**
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1
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1.66 (0.93–2.96)
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1.64 (0.92–2.94)
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0.68 (0.48–0.95)*
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0.66 (0.47–0.93)*
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Times of previous giving births of pregnant women (ref = 0)
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1 and more
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2.87 (1.45–5.66)**
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2.54 (1.26–5.12)**
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1.44 (0.89–2.35)
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1.27 (0.77–2.09)
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Health insurance (ref = No)
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Yes
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0.67 (0.37–1.23)
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0.86 (0.56–1.33)
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The time to the nearest medical institution by the fastest way available (ref = <10 min)
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≥10 min or more
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1.00 (0.68–1.48)
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1.26 (0.95–1.67)
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Place of residence (ref = Urban)
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Rural
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0.43 (0.23–0.82)*
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0.50 (0.33–0.75)**
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- * P < 0.05
- ** P < 0.01 (two-tailed test)
